硫酸沙丁胺醇吸入气雾剂微生物限度检查方法的建立和验证

目的建立和验证硫酸沙丁胺醇吸入气雾剂的微生物限度检查方法。方法根据2015年版《中国药典(四部)》非无菌产品微生物限度检查方法,采用薄膜过滤法测定试验菌株的回收率,确立需氧菌总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数计数方法、控制菌检查方法,并进行验证。结果需氧菌、霉菌和酵母菌总数计数采用薄膜过滤法时,回收率均在0.5~2.0范围内;控制菌的检查采用常规法,结果均符合2015年版《中国药典(四部)》的规定。结论该方法准确、可靠,可用于硫酸沙丁胺醇吸入气雾剂的微生物限度检查。     

丙型肝炎肝硬化的“分级”及聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a联合利巴韦林的抗病毒治疗

目的观察丙型肝炎肝硬化不同条件下抗病毒治疗的临床效果,拟定丙型肝炎肝硬化的分级规范治疗标准。方法选择确诊为丙型肝炎肝硬化的患者82例,以32例慢性丙型肝炎（CHC）患者为对照,根据肝硬化程度、脾功能亢进情况以及抗病毒治疗的耐受分为不同抗病毒治疗组：在采取造血因子刺激、脾栓塞或脾切除治疗后,观察患者脾功能亢进的缓解情况,解决脾功能亢进后,以标准治疗方案为基础,采取＂分级＂抗病毒治疗策略,可以实施更为主动的个体化治疗方案;分析不同组别的抗病毒治疗效果,并随访患者肝功能恢复状况。结果经过治疗后,各组患者白细胞及血小板计数显著升高,在给予抗病毒治疗后,脾栓塞及脾切除治疗组均有约60%患者获得早期病毒学应答（EVR）,而其持续病毒学应答（SVR）比率分别为59.3%与63.6%,丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）水平显著下降。结论丙型肝炎肝硬化＂分级＂抗病毒治疗策略,通过采取不同的抗病毒治疗方案,可以延缓病情进展,提高患者生活质量。     

豚鼠结核病模型在抗结核新药评价中的应用

目的通过气溶胶感染构建豚鼠结核病模型,探讨其在新药评价中的应用。方法豚鼠以气溶胶方式感染结核杆菌,3周后随机分成不治疗组、异烟肼（isoniazid,INH）、莫西沙星（Moxifloxacin,Mfx）、氯法齐明（Clofazimine,Cfz）、JYS-1和JYS-两组进行药物治疗。治疗4周后解剖动物,观察体重、脏器重量指数、肺脏组织病理学检查及脾和肺活菌计数。结果 INH、Mfx组的脾重指数、脾和肺荷菌量显著低于不治疗组（P〈0.05）,肺部病变明显比空白组轻,而Cfz、JYS-1、JYS-2组各观察指标仅略优于不治疗组（P〉0.05）。结论通过气溶胶感染成功制备了豚鼠结核病模型,可对抗结核药物活性作出客观评价。     

氧气驱动雾化吸入盐酸布地奈德治疗急性喉炎的疗效及安全性研究

目的探讨氧气驱动雾化吸入盐酸布地奈德治疗小儿急性喉炎的疗效及安全性。方法将该院2012年9月至2013年4月收治的92例急性喉炎患儿按照1∶1比例随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各46例,2组均给予氧气驱动雾化吸入（3L/min）治疗,观察组同时加用氧气驱动雾化吸入盐酸布地奈德治疗,疗程结束后,对2组患儿的治疗效果及安全性进行统计学分析。结果观察组患儿临床各症状消失时间及住院时间均明显短于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;对照组总有效率为71.74%,观察组总有效率为97.83%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;对照组总不良反应发生率为26.09%,观察组不良反应发生率为6.52%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论氧气驱动雾化吸入盐酸布地奈德治疗小儿急性喉炎疗效确切,可促进临床症状消除,患儿耐受性好,可作为急性喉炎的有效治疗药物。     

吡硫翁锌气雾剂联合窄谱中波紫外线治疗寻常型银屑病的疗效观察

目的:探讨吡硫翁锌气雾剂联合窄谱中波紫外线治疗银屑病的临床疗效和安全性。方法:86例银屑病患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组46例,对照组40。治疗组外用吡硫翁锌气雾剂3次/天,同时窄谱中波紫外线治疗,3次/周,共8周;对照组单纯给予窄谱中波紫外线治疗,3次/周,共8周。观察并对比两组的临床疗效及安全性。结果:治疗组的临床有效率为,84.8%,对照组的临床有效率为62.5%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(x~2=5.58,P0.05);治疗组与对照组治疗前PA SI评分比较无显著性差异(t=0.54,P0.05),治疗后两组的PA SI评分分别为(3.04±1.68)分和(5.88±3.34)分,治疗组的改善程度明显优于对照组,具有统计学意义(t=7.09,P0.01),两组均无严重不良反应。结论:吡硫翁锌气雾剂联合窄谱中波紫外线治疗寻常型银屑病是安全、有效的。     

Different doses of consensus interferon plus ribavirin in patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 relapsed after interferon monotherapy： A randomized controlled trial

INTRODUCTION Retreatment of hepatitis C patients who relapsed after recombinant interferon (rIFN) monotherapy has a fair rate of success when ribavirin is added to the original protocol. About 30% of patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype…     

Treatment responses in Asians and Caucasians with chronic hepatitis C infection

AIM：To conduct a multicentre retrospective review of virological response rates in Asians infected with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C（CHC） treated with combination interferon and ribavirin and then to compare their responses to that among Caucasians.
METHODS：Asian patients infected with genotype 1 CHC treated at 4 Australian centres between 2001 to 2005 were identified through hospital databases.Baseline demographic characteristics,biochemical,virological and histological data and details of treatment were collected.Sustained virological responses（SVR） in this cohort were then compared to that in Caucasian subjects,matched by genotype,age,gender and the stage of hepatic fibrosis.
RESULTS：A total of 108 Asians with genotype 1 CHC were identified.The end of treatment response（ETR） for the cohort was 79% while the SVR was 67%.Due to the relatively advanced age of the Asian cohort,only sixty-four subjects could be matched with Caucasians.The ETR among matched Asians and Caucasians was 81% and 56% respectively（P=0.003）,while the SVR rates were 73% and 36%（P 〈0.001） respectively.This difference remained significant after adjusting for other predictive variables.
CONCLUSION： Genotype 1 CHC in Asian subjects is associated with higher rates of virological response compared to that in Caucasians.     

Lung perfusion and aerosol distributions in preterm ventilated lambs

The relative distributions of ventilation as measured by 99Tc-sulfur colloid aerosol deposition and pulmonary perfusion (measured with radiolabeled microspheres) were determined in 12 preterm lambs that were delivered at 138 days gestational age and ventilated for 4 hrs. To verify that unventilated lung segments in these lambs would have decreased perfusion, a balloon catheter was placed in a major bronchus either at birth or after 2 hrs of ventilation. This catheter prevented ventilation of 24.5 +/- 3.2% of the lung tissue. After 4 hrs of ventilation, the lambs were sacrificed and the lungs were divided into about 60 1-g pieces. Apart from the occluded, atelectatic segments, the lungs were visually well aerated with only 5.3 +/- 1.8% of the nonobstructed lungs being spontaneously atelectatic. There was a 66.5 +/- 0.07% decrease in blood flow to the area of lung made atelectatic by the balloon. The blood flow also was decreased to lung regions assessed to be spontaneously atelectatic. No 99Tc-sulfur colloid was recovered from balloon-occluded lung regions, and less 99Tc-sulfur colloid was found in the spontaneously atelectatic areas than in aerated lung regions. There were significant correlations (P less than 0.001) between pulmonary blood flow and aerosol recovery in each of the 12 animals. Premature lambs had a wide variability in ventilation and perfusion, but the relative ventilation to perfusion ratio was regulated to minimize the intrapulmonary shunt.     

Rapid dark aging of biomass burning as an overlooked source of oxidized organic aerosol

Oxidized organic aerosol (OOA) is a major component of ambient particulate matter, substantially impacting climate, human health, and ecosystems. OOA is readily produced in the presence of sunlight, and requires days of photooxidation to reach the levels observed in the atmosphere. High concentrations of OOA are thus expected in the summer; however, our current mechanistic understanding fails to explain elevated OOA during wintertime periods of low photochemical activity that coincide with periods of intense biomass burning. As a result, atmospheric models underpredict OOA concentrations by a factor of 3 to 5. Here we show that fresh emissions from biomass burning exposed to NO₂ and O₃ (precursors to the NO₃ radical) rapidly form OOA in the laboratory over a few hours and without any sunlight. The extent of oxidation is sensitive to relative humidity. The resulting OOA chemical composition is consistent with the observed OOA in field studies in major urban areas. Additionally, this dark chemical processing leads to significant enhancements in secondary nitrate aerosol, of which 50 to 60% is estimated to be organic. Simulations that include this understanding of dark chemical processing show that over 70% of organic aerosol from biomass burning is substantially influenced by dark oxidation. This rapid and extensive dark oxidation elevates the importance of nocturnal chemistry and biomass burning as a global source of OOA.

Highly oxidized organic aerosol (OOA) is a dominant component of particulate matter air pollution globally (1–3); however, sources of OOA remain uncertain, limiting the ability of models to accurately represent OOA and thus predict the associated climate, ecosystem, and health implications (4, 5). The current conceptual model of OOA formation suggests that anthropogenic OOA predominantly originates from the oxidation of volatile (VOCs), intermediate volatility (IVOCs), and semivolatile (SVOCs) organic compounds by the OH radical, resulting in lower-volatility products that condense to the particle phase (6). As the OH radical is formed through photolysis and has a very short atmospheric lifetime [less than a second (7)], this oxidation mechanism only occurs in the presence of sunlight. Further, the time scale for OOA formation through oxidation with OH in models is on the order of a few days (8). While this understanding is sufficient in explaining OOA concentrations in summer or periods with high solar radiation, atmospheric models fail to reproduce the observed concentration of OOA in the ambient atmosphere during winter and low-light conditions (9, 10). Fountoukis et al. (9) found simulated OOA concentrations significantly underestimated in wintertime Paris. Tsimpidi et al. (10) also reported an underprediction of simulated OOA globally in winter, suggesting missing sources of both primary OA (POA) and secondary formation pathways. This underproduction suggests a possible overlooked conversion pathway of organic vapors or particles to OOA that is not accounted for in current chemical transport and climate models.As stricter controls on fossil fuel combustion are implemented, residential biomass burning (BB) as a source of heating or cooking is becoming an increasingly important source of OA in urban environments (1, 11, 12). Further, increasing rates of wildfires from climate change are increasing the frequency of smoke-impacted days in urban areas (12–14). BB emissions include high concentrations of POA, SVOCs, IVOCs, and VOCs (15, 16), thus making BB a key source of OOA. Previous research has focused on quantifying the concentration of OOA formed through photochemical oxidation reactions (i.e., OH) with BB emissions (17, 18). However, oxidation of BB emissions in low or no sunlight is less well understood and is not included in chemical transport models. As opposed to OH, the NO₃ radical is formed through reactions with NO₂ and O₃ and is rapidly lost in the presence of sunlight (19). Thus, the NO₃ radical is only available in significant concentrations at night or other low-light conditions (20, 21). Previous research has established that biogenic VOCs may undergo oxidation at night when mixed with anthropogenic emissions containing NO₂ and O₃ (19, 22–27). There have been only a few studies that consider that nighttime oxidation of residential wood combustion may proceed through similar pathways (28–31); however, the magnitude and relevance to observed OOA in the ambient atmosphere has not yet been established. By combining laboratory experiments and ambient observations to inform a chemical transport model, we present strong evidence that nighttime oxidation of BB plumes (proceeding through reactions with O₃ and the NO₃ radical) is an important source of OOA.     

Exercise-induced asthma and the use of hypertonic saline aerosol as a ronchial challenge

Abstract Exercise induced asthma is a common complaint and the prevalence appears to be increasing worldwide. Once confined to the research domain of university teaching hospitals, the study of EIA has extended into the school playground, defence force establishments and sports institutions. Standardized protocols have been developed to study EIA in the laboratory and in the field. A surrogate challenge using eucapnic or isocapnic hyperventilation with dry air is becoming popular because it has advantages over exercise, at least for adults. The stimulus that leads the airways to narrow is caused by the inhalation of dry air during hyperventilation and exercise, during which water is evaporated from the airways in order to condition the inspired air. The mechanism whereby the airways narrow is thought to be due to the dehydrating effects of water loss, particularly in relation to its potential to cause the airways to become hyperosmolar. Mast cell mediators such as histamine and the leucotrienes are probably involved in EIA because specific antagonists reduce severity. As a result of the osmotic theory of EIA, studies were carried out to determine whether subjects with EIA were sensitive to the effects of increasing airway osmolarity by inhalation of hyperosmolar aerosols of sodium chloride. A challenge protocol using an aerosol of 4.5% sodium chloride, generated from an ultrasonic nebulizer, has been used to identify persons with asthma and to assess response to drug therapy. There are many similarities between responses to exercise, hyperventilation and hypertonic saline in the physiological and biochemical responses and the responses to drugs. Challenge with hypertonic saline is easier and cheaper to use because expensive equipment and a source of dry air is not required as with exercise or hyperventilation. The ability to obtain a dose-response curve rather than a single response and the ability to collect inflammatory cells at the same time make challenge with hypertonic saline an attractive technique to study patients suspected of having asthma.